Aircraft Leasing and Financing-Issues and Challenges Free Essays

International carriage by air is one of the greatest marvels of this remarkable age of science and technology and India has emerged as one of the most promising and fastest growing aviation markets in the world. To keep pace with this growth, large orders for aircraft acquisition have been placed by almost all airlines in India.Thus, finding enough capital for their ambitious fleet expansion programme is one of the key concerns of all Indian Airlines. We will write a custom essay sample on Aircraft Leasing and Financing-Issues and Challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before discussing on the phrase ‘Aircraft Leasing’, it is pertinent to note that an aircraft cannot be leased but can be bailed. Under Transfer of Property Act, 1882 a lease is defined under Section 107 but relates only to immoveable property but not to movable property. So the appropriate word to be used is ‘Bailment of an Aircraft’ defined under Section 148 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Generally in common parlance it is used as ‘Leasing of Aircraft’.Aircraft Leasing has become a common technique to acquire an aircraft, since this asset has become expensive and always subject to a variety of laws and regulations. One of its main advantages is that it assists to settle cost considerably. The players in Airline industry can be categorized in three groups like Public Players, Private Players and Startup Players. Owning an aircraft is an expensive affair. An Airliner’s decision to acquire an aircraft is invariably accompanied by the question of whether the aircraft is to be taken on lease or to be purchased.The answer largely depends on the airline’s requirements, cost of the aircraft, availability of capital, legal constraints and taxation issues. Prior to the 1980’s purchasing an aircraft was the primary choice for the airlines – but new aircrafts were becoming an unattractive proposition for airline operators to buy aircrafts. Therefore, it is a common practice in the airline business to take aircrafts on lease. Leasing not only helps in increasing the fleet size at a fairly quick rate but also, and more importantly, reduces the cost of airline operators.There are different types of leases depending on the terms and conditions of the agreement like (i) Finance Lease and Operating Lease, (ii) Leveraged Lease, (iii) Sale and Leaseback, (iv) Wet Lease and (v) Dry Lease. In order to tap the more conventional and cost effective sources of aircraft financing, it is essential that the Indian legal system be able to generate sufficient confidence in Bankers, Financiers and Aircraft Lessors as being protective of their ownership rights and being clear and transparent so that there are no ambiguities regarding applicable laws.The criteria for leasing of aircrafts by Indian Operators are mainly based upon the permission from the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). DGCA’s permission is mandatory before leasing an aircraft in India. An Indian operator can either take an aircraft on lease f rom a foreign operator or another Indian operator but for an acquisition of an aircraft permission is required from the Ministry of Civil Aviation and also from Reserve Bank of India (RBI).The most widely used method of aircraft acquisition in India is leasing, out of which operating lease is the most popular. The advantages of leasing to airlines are volume discounts for aircraft purchase can be passed on to airline, the conversion of an airline’s working capital and credit capacity, the provision of up to 100% of finance, with no deposits or pre-payments, the possibility of excluding lease finance from the balance sheet etc.The possible disadvantages could be a higher cost than, say, debt finance for purchase, the profit from eventual sale of the aircraft going to the lessor (as a title holder), aircraft specifications not tailor-made for lessee airline (short term leases) etc. The important issues involves requirement at lease commencement and termination (i. e. lessee payment obligations and security, subleasing, repossession, governing law and jurisdiction, delivery conditions, date of elivery, acceptance and inspection of flights, registration formalities, and return conditions), Lessee Payment Obligations and Security (i. e. Lease rent, security deposit, maintenance reserves ), Repossession and Tax issues etc. In conclusion, if the Indian Airline Operators enter into agreements on Leasing of Aircraft from a foreign company then the issues at international front will multiply like that of conflict of laws, international instrument to bring uniformity in asset-based financing etc. How to cite Aircraft Leasing and Financing-Issues and Challenges, Papers

Using General Techniques NIST Atomic Time -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Using General Techniques NIST Atomic Time? Answer: Introducation The study of week 8 would help in understanding the concept of Networking in Android. The study of using the HTTP web services, Downloading Binary Data, Accessing Web Services using GET, Consuming Jason Services, and Sockets Programming would be helpful for analysis of the network advancements. The HTTPs are stateless and it results in maintaining the server connection for its clients so that the messages can be passed through it. This has been termed as Socket Programming. JASON is the abbreviation of Java Script Object Notation and it is a data exchange format for defining the structures of data. Resources https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/AndroidNetworking/article.html https://in.udacity.com/course/android-basics-networking--ud843 https://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/pdf/android/Android-Networking-1.pdf https://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/cs282/PDFs/NetworkProgramming.pdf https://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/pdf/android/Android-Networking-2.pdf Resources Description The resource is a tutorial article that makes the readers aware of the basics of Android Networking. The tutorial article had been made by Lars Vogel and its has shown the advent of the Android Networking by providing the jest of Overview of network access on Android, Web Sockets, About this website, and Links and Literature. The resource is Google developed course summary that provides the insights of NANODEGREE program for forming the realization of Intro to Programming Nanodegree for the development of Android Apps. The resource is a PowerPoint presentation for developing the analysis of the Network Programming part I using general techniques like NIST atomic time, FTP welcome message, Http URL Connection, Http Client, and Using JSON. The resource is a PowerPoint PowerPoint presentation for developing the analysis of the Network Programming for Android Platform along with usage of Principles of Operating Systems II and Systems Programming for Android. The resource is a PowerPoint presentation for developing the analysis of the Network Programming part II using general techniques like NIST atomic time, FTP welcome message, Http URL Connection, Http Client, and Using JSON References Courses.coreservlets.com 2017, Network Programming: Part I (General Techniques), Marty Hall, [online] Available at: https://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/pdf/android/Android-Networking-1.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Courses.coreservlets.com 2017, Network Programming: Part II (General Techniques), Marty Hall, [online] Available at: https://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/pdf/android/Android-Networking-2.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Dre.vanderbilt.edu 2017, Programming the android platform, Network Programming CS282, Available at: https://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/cs282/PDFs/NetworkProgramming.pdf[Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. In.udacity.com 2017,Android Basics: Networking, Udacity, [online] Available at: https://in.udacity.com/course/android-basics-networking--ud843 [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Vogel, L. 2016,Android Networking Tutorial, Vogella GmbH, version-2.5, [online] Vogella.com. Available at: https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/AndroidNetworking/article.html [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017].

Market Economy Government Regulation and Intervention

Question: Discuss about the Market Economy for Government Regulation and Intervention. Answer: A: Adam Smith is concerned about the market economy. According to him, invisible hand works in the course of market economy and for the efficient functioning of the market there would be no need for the government regulation and intervention. However if we want to look at the market economy, we need to understand the inherent market structure and market structure differs depending on the goods and services the market is trading. There are four types of market structure perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. These four market structures have different characteristics and on the basis of these features we can differentiate among different types of market. In the real world scenario, perfect competition and monopoly are the two extremes and we rarely can see such market structures. However monopolistic competitive and oligopolistic market structures are common in the economy. Perfect Competition: We will start with the perfectly competitive market. Perfectly competitive market has certain features like there are larger number of buyers and sellers in this market. Buyers and sellers have complete information regarding commodity and prices. The large number of buyers and sellers signify that single buyer or seller is very insignificant in the market and each seller has very small amount of market share. This aspect of market structure denotes that a single seller does not have any influence on market price and he cannot change the market price to attain higher market share or to earn higher profit. Another aspect behind the given market price is that each seller produces standardised product and for reason it is impossible for each seller to influence the market price. Each seller has to accept the market price that is determined by the interaction of market supply and market demand. Hence each seller and buyer is price taker.Hence H Another feature of perfectly competitive mar ket is that there is no barrier to entry or exit into the market that means there is free entry and exit facility for each firm into the market. Example of perfectly competitive market: One of the most important example of perfectly competitive market is wheat and corn market. In this market the farmers cannot differentiate in terms of product quality and for this reason final product is standardised. There are large number of farmers and buyers in the agricultural market and for this reason one single farmer or consumer is unable to affect the price of product. Hence each farmer is price taker and he has to sell its product at the market price. The farmers have the option of free exit and entry from the corn or wheat market depending on the profit or loss. If in the short run they incur profit, in the long run there will be entry of other firms while in case of short run losses, there will be exit of farmers in the long run. As the farmers are price taker, they have to sell their product at market determined price and for this reason corn or wheat market has horizontal or perfectly elastic demand curve. As there is large number of option for corn or wheat, the cons umers have good number of substitutes (as each farmer sell same corn or wheat) and for this reason the demand curve of each firm is perfectly elastic. Monopoly: Monopoly is a market structure where we can see the emergence of single seller in the industry. Hence in case of monopoly market supply and the supply of firm is same as the industry consists of the single firm. Monopoly firm is given the government protection. The government considers that it would be cost efficient for on single firm to serve the entire market and the government also considers that the large monopoly firm will be able to secure economies of scale (larger production will reduce average cost of production) eventually and they will also undertake research and development activities. Considering all these aspects the government provides monopoly status to a firm so that efficiency of the market can be attained and consumers can be benefited from lower prices and good quality product or service. For this reason government gives tax exemption and regulate the monopoly market so that no competitor can enter into the market. Hence in case of monopoly market structure there is strict barriers to entry and without any competition the monopoly firm can serve the market to earn higher level of profit. However most of the time it can be seen that the monopoly firm is not fulfilling its commitment to the society and produce lower output and charge higher prices to satisfy its profit maximization criteria. Hence the monopoly firm faces downward sloping demand curve. Example of monopoly firm: One good example of monopoly firm is US postal services. According to 19th century law it is illegal for any other company of firm to deliver letters and the sole authority of delivering letters had been given to US postal services. However it can be seen that US postal service deliver letters at a minimum price of $3 and it can be said that if private companies and competitors will be present in the market, the consumers can deliver letters at much lower cost. US postal services have been exempted from state and federal taxes and there are a numbers of government regulations so that US postal service can be competitors free. However in 2002 it can be seen that fiscal deficit of the postal service is of $4.5 billion and that lead the government to consider imposing some regulations on postal department to improve its efficiency ("US Postal Service: A Government Protected Monopoly | Capitalism Magazine", 2016). Monopolistic competition: The other market structure is monopolistically competitive market. In this market structure we can see that there are large numbers of small sized firms. One of the important aspect of this market structure is that each firm tries to bring certain differentiation in its product so that on the basis of this product differentiation it can charge some different price and can improve its market share and profit in the industry. The product differentiation and ability to influence the market price lead to downward sloping demand curve for these firms. The firm adopts advertisement campaign to increase their market share and profit. This industry has low barriers to entry and exit into the industry and depending upon profit and loss entry and exit can happen in the long run. Example of monopolistically competitive firm: Starbucks and McDonald are under monopolistically competitive industry. In fact the fast food industry belongs to this monopolistically competitive market structure. There are larger number of firms in this fast food industry like star buck, McDonald, KFC, Pizza Hut, Burger King and others. They acquire small market share and produces and sells similar product. However these firms have adopted different strategies to bring product differentiation so that with it, they can attract larger customer base. Like McDonald have recently adopted special breakfast menus to bring some fresh look into its menu. This strategy has been advertised largely so that its market share can improve. In this fast food industry we can see firms can enter and exit into the market easily and there is no such strict barriers for entry and exit ("Starbucks or McDonald's? - Econlife", 2010). Oligopoly: Another market structure is oligopolistic market. In this market structure we can see that there are few firms in the industry and they acquire larger market share. As there is few large firms and each firm incur high cost of production to remain in the industry, barrier to entry in the industry is high and new firm has to face significant barrier to entry into the industry. The product that the market serves in standardised and unique in nature. The most crucial aspect that we can observe in this industry is that interdependence among existing firms. As there are few large firms, one firms pricing or quantity strategy affect other firms. We can say that if one firm reduces its price, other firms also reduces their price; however rise in price will not be matched by other firms as in this case price rise will result to lower amount of profit. However in this oligopolistic industry, existing firms can enjoy monopoly profit if they decide to collude that means if they collectively deci de how much output to produce and what price to charge for their product. Example of oligopolistic market: US airline industry is an example of oligopolistic market. Boeing and Airbus are two popular airline firms in the US airline industry. These two firms face stiff competition for decades as they supply fixed output in terms of number of airservices and infrequent aircraft orders. This competition also depends upon their strategic behaviour on deciding price and quantity and quality of service. They secure large market share and earn higher profit. Huge initial and ongoing investment by these two firms lead new entrants to deter their entry into the industry (Cook, 2008). b: Externality arises when the action of somebody has some effects on the welfare of third person (who is not associated with the action). Negative externality arises when the action of one party imposes cost on the welfare of other party. During the phase of negative externality we can see that social cost is greater than private cost and without any government intervention the party who creates negative externality does not compensate the society for the social cost. Hence in the presence of negative externality we can see that the externality is not internalised and market output is greater than socially efficient level of output. In the above figure we can see example of negative externality. In the economy market equilibrium level of output gets equal to social efficient level of output when the when there is no externality and marginal social benefit equal to marginal social cost. However when negative externality arises into the economy, marginal social cost is higher than marginal private cost as there is external cost and in this case if there will be no government regulation the market output will be Q and negative externality generating firm charges P price. This is the market output whereas the socially optimum output should be Q1 (where marginal social cost equal to marginal social benefit) and the firm should charge higher prices at P1. In the above example we can see without any government regulation in the presence of negative externality the economy produces higher output and charge lower price which is not socially optimum combination. Hence government regulation is required. The government can regulates with the help of two measures imposing tax on negative externality generating firm and creating tradable permits. Imposition of tax: First method is imposition of tax on pollution (as pollution is considered as negative externality). When the government imposes tax on pollution generating firm, the supply curve shifts leftward (in the above diagram it can be represented as leftward shift of marginal private cost curve to marginal social cost curve) and for this reason the pollution generating firm will produce Q1 output and charge P1 price ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Advantages of imposition of tax on pollution generating firm: In this manner social efficiency is reached as the firm continues to produce where marginal social cost equalises to marginal social benefit ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). In this manner the government can earn tax revenue and that can be utilised in productive sectors like health and education ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Disadvantages of imposition of tax on pollution generating firm: It is very difficult to measure the amount of pollution and tax accordingly ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Tax can create inequality. If the demand for the good is inelastic, imposition of tax will not reduce its demand and will not reduce pollution as well ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Tradable pollution permit: In this kind of pollution control strategy the government determine certain level of pollution unit that the entire industry can generate and on the basis of it, the market players can trade (buy and sell0 those pollution permits. This is considered as the most efficient way of reducing pollution in certain industry ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Advantages of tradable permits: In this way the firms which require low cost to reduce pollution can sell their pollution permit to those firms which require high cost to reduce their pollution level. In this manner, total pollution unit in the industry will remain in its pre determined form and the society can reduce pollution at cost efficient manner. In this manner the firms that have the prospect for development do not need to compromise on the ground of reducing pollution units ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). The government can auction the pollution permit and can generate revenue out of it ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Disadvantages of tradable permits: The major disadvantage of tradable pollution permit is that firms that emit coal, gas and carbon-di-oxide in higher percentage will continue to emit that amount and that will degrade environmental quality ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). There is a higher chance that the firms engage in this kind of trading involve in cheating and that can hamper overall, efficiency of the market economy ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Real example of negative externality and reduction: Many economies now engage in pollution reduction strategies as pollution or more specifically emission of green house gases degrade the quality of our environment. Hence many economies and countries like Singapore is engaging itself to reduce carbon emission and they have been initiating Kyoto protocol. This has been one of the popular means of reducing pollution and with the help of it, the countries can trade their pollution permit. Auction of this permit happen and amount of permit is decided on the basis of historical record of demand and number of available auctions. The countries bid their prices for the permit and according to it final trade (buy and sell) of pollution permits are finalised (NorregaardRepalin Hill, 2000). C: The US economy has witnessed the growing level of negative externality that has been generated by the tobacco companies and these tobacco companies are imposing higher health hazards to the entire economy. These tobacco companies are marketing, lobbying tobacco practices and for this reason larger proportion of population become smokers. This smoking habit is considered as one of the most deadly habits and this actually degrade overall health of the economy. As these tobacco companies increases their advertisement, marketing and sale of tobacco products, number of smokers in the economy is going to increase and this imposes serious threat to the entire market economy (Biglan, 2016). Generally young people and students are more prone to such habits and for this reason entire economy will be going to suffer. As healthy individuals are considered as the important human capital of the economy, increase in smoking habits degrade human capital and further the growth prospect of the economy, Smoking is going to create negative externality as smoking do not adversely impact the welfare of the direct smokers but also degrade the health condition of passive smokers and finally the entire economy. Hence human capital of the economy gets adversely affected. In the above figure we can see that how smoking generates negative externality in an economy and how it adversely impact the well being of the entire society. When people smokes negative externality generates, but without government intervention the tobacco producing companies do not need to pay taxes or any compensation. For this reason they continue to produce Q output and charges P price. However if negative externality is internalised and government regulates the market properly, socially optimum level of output is generated. Socially optimum or efficient level of output is generated when marginal social benefit curve equals to marginal social cost curve and the firm produces Q1 level of output and charges P1 market price. With the absence of any government regulation negative externality creates deadweighted loss which occurs due to the difference between market output and socially optimum level of output. In the above figure dead weighted loss is denoted by the shaded region (t raiangle) (Biglan, 2016). In the year of 1950, significant action against the use of tobacco has been raised in the US economy when empirical researchers found that smoking causes large amount of health hazards including cancers. Due to this empirical findings large proportion of people and organizations had started their campaign and awareness programs against the use of cigarettes. They showed that from the beginning of adolescence large proportion of young people starts smoking and that actually disrupts the growth prospect of an economy. The tobacco control program by different organizations has been specifically meant to increased number of awareness programs (Biglan, 2016). Large number of evaluating strategies for reducing smoking had been emerged these days. These include media campaign, school based preventive measures, ban on advertisement on tobacco products, claim for clean indoor environment and tax on cigarettes. All these are expected to reduce the demand for and that will finally result to lesser occurrence of smoking incidence (Biglan, 2016). During that period advocacy programs were found out to be very effective. They initiated large number of media campaigns and they demanded clean indoor air. That time a number of organizations like American Cancer Society, American Lung Association and American Heart Association formed a number of campaigns and there increased the society for American for non-smokers right and Tobacco free kid. They media campaign attacked the lobbying and marketing procedure of tobacco companies and that finally reduced demanded for tobacco (Biglan, 2016). During that period a large number of surveillance incidents happened and that monitored the smoking habits of adults and adolescents. References US Postal Service: A Government Protected Monopoly | Capitalism Magazine. (2016). Capitalismmagazine.com. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://capitalismmagazine.com/2003/09/us-postal-service-a-government-protected-monopoly/ Cook, A. (2008). B OEING V ERSUS A IRBUS : AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. Miami University. Starbucks or McDonald's? - Econlife. (2010). Econlife. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://econlife.com/2010/06/starbucks-or-mcdonalds/ (2016). Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.colorado.edu/economics/morey/2010/2010BookChapters/KW_Chapter9/KWCh_09_Perfect_Competition_Edward.pdf Pollution Permits | Economics Help. (2016). Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.economicshelp.org/micro-economic-essays/marketfailure/pollution-permits/ The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey. (2016). Steverichey.com. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.steverichey.com/writing-samples/climate-change/the-pros-and-cons-of-cap-and-trade/ Norregaard, J. Repalin Hill, V. (2000). Taxes and Tradable Permits as instrument for controlling pollution: Theory and Practice. International Monetray Fund. Biglan, A. (2016). Corporate Externalities: A Challenge to the Further Success of Prevention Science.

Slavery Essays (3614 words) - Slavery In The United States

Slavery The Slaves' And The Slaveowners' Views Of Slavery ?That face of his, the hungry cannibals Would not have touched, would not have stained with blood;-- But you are more inhuman, more inexorable, Oh! ten times more than tigers of Hyrcania.? Shakespeare I chose the topic about slavery for my research paper because I thought it would be an interesting experience doing research about slavery. It is American history and the more we know about it, the better we can understand what is going on today in our country. I think that because slavery was abolished very recently in terms of historical periods of time, it still has an impact on today's economic and political life. Searching for the writings by slave owners was a more difficult task then searching for the writings by slaves. However, I found a lot of useful material in various sources. The slavery in the United States is no doubt a shameful history of our country. White people transferred the slaves living in Africa to the New Land and treated them as their property, not as human beings. The living and working conditions of slaves and their food were extremely poor. Those were inhuman conditions in which the slaves had to survive. Endless executions of the slaves made the situation even worse. Slavery was a period of time when one race treated the other race as animals, things, property, but not as people. Unfortunately, not everyone saw the situation as it was in reality at that time. As we can see from many different sources available today, the points of view of slaves and slave owners on slavery were the opposite to each other. That can be seen in various slaves' and slave owners' descriptions of slavery. Slaves described their dwellings, food, clothes, labor, and the terrible treatment of slaves by their masters. On the other hand, slave owners described the r elationships between slaves and their masters in a very positive way. They argued that slavery is very beneficial for the slaves and the slaves are very happy to live with their masters. Let us now consider both these points of views in details. First of all, let us look at the slaves' description of the cloth they wore. The clothes supply was as minimum as possible and the quality of the clothes was very bad. Here is how one of the slaves describes it. ?Our dress was of tow cloth; for the children nothing but a shirt; for the older ones a pair of pantaloons or a gown in addition, according to the sex. ... In winter, a round jacket or overcoat, a wool hat once in two or three years, for the males, and a pair of coarse shoes once a year?(Lester 65). This scanty list of items was the only things available to the slaves. Certainly, it was not enough for the people who worked very hard for more than ten hours a day. The clothes were very dirty and with holes all over the place pretty soon. Imagine if you have to wear the same shirt day after day for the long time. The masters did not care about slaves' children; they did not distribute much clothes for them either. According to the slaves, it was their problem what to put on the ir children when it was cold outside (Feldstein 45). However, some slaves say there were some masters who gave some extra material for the children, but it was not sufficient any way. Others gave any additional clothes only for extra work (Feldstein 45). As for the slave owners' seeing the slaves' situation, one of the slaveholders reveals that he used to distribute new clothes once a year (Feldstein 45). This testimony by the slave owner actually testifies the slaves' descriptions of the slavery that makes us believe to the slaves even more. However, there were a lot of slave owners who saw the situation quite differently. One anonymous slave owner in his letter to Lord Brougham argues that ?...as a slave, he [a black person] would have at least the protection of one master interested in his welfare; as a freeman, almost beyond the pale of government protection, with no one to take care of him, of a despised

Buy Literary Analysis Essay Online and Learn a Lot, Saving Efforts

Buy Literary Analysis Essay Online and Learn a Lot, Saving Efforts Buy Literary Analysis Essay Online It is rather tricky to write an analysis essay effectively. You have got a task with a specified phenomenon or issue and you are supposed to do your analysis from your individual perspective. It is not only about writing, it is about investigating, discovery, and presenting an original idea. Does it sound easy? Not at all! However, there is an option to buy literary analysis essay online and then reflect on the possibility to produce the following assignments using this excellent paper as a bright. What you should note is that general ideas are insufficient for this type of writing, as it requires evidence and direct analysis of the subject matter. Your research cannot be shallow; instead, your professor expects you to be competent in the subject and demonstrate your ability to do in-depth research. Have you ever seen a great? 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Many artists depicted it and its consequences on their canvas while many writers created breathtaking stories basing on the events that took place during the period of the Holocaust or simply taking this phenomenon as the main plot line of their books. A German judge and law professor Bernhard Schlink is one of such authors. His incredibly deep and touching novel titled â€Å"The Reader† shows how difficult it appeared for the post-war German generation to comprehend the Holocaust. In his book, the author reveals a crucial theme that appears to be the main one in the novel – the theme of guilt. Reading the novel carefully, one can notice that the author tries to show that the nature of the Holocaust is a source of guilt that involves as many people as possible. As one can see, there were almost no people who could stay aside of it. The main representative of this theme is Hanna due to the fact that she becomes one of the foot-soldiers of the Holocaust. Though she was not an active agent of the Holocaust and after the end of the war such people were claimed to be innocent because of not being on the same level as Goebbels and Hitler, she still bears responsibility for her actions. Making Hanna the one who is guilty, Schlink shows that any person who participated in the Holocaust is guilty to lesser or more extent since, instead of it, he or she could choose the path of resistance. Hanna realizes her guilt; this statement is supported with the quote by Hanna when she says to the judge in the trial â€Å"What would you do?† (122). Becoming the guard in the camp is a decision that was made by the central character with the aim to disguise her illiteracy. In this way, Hanna ´s personal failure led to numerous deaths of innocent people. In fact, when Hanna learns how to write and read, she is conquered by guilt and the feeling of remorse. The important point is that Hanna managed to overcome her illiteracy and learn to read and write, but she could not hide from her guilt. Through this paradox, the Bernhard Schlink attempted to show that readers how important it is to be in charge of one ´s actions and consequences to which they lead. However, Hanna is not the only one who becomes a victim of own guilt. Michael faces the issue of guilt as well; at the end of the novel, he faces the truth that he did not do everything he could to change Hanna ´s life for better. He even did not talk to her when he saw her in the court and did not write letters to her even though he knew that she could read already. The point is that in her attempt to obscure her illiteracy, the woman lies, and Michael watches it doing nothing to prevent her from it. Thus, making no attempts to contact Hanna during all the time while she is in prison is a wrong action by Michael and leads him to guilt. The way in which the author presented the emotional development of Hanna and Michael makes readers admit that there is too little room for decent precision and complete judgments. Making all main characters of the novel guilty for something to a certain extent, the author Bernhard Schlink makes hints that sometimes it appears rather difficult for people to define good and bad, right and wrong. As a result, they do some things that lead to negative results; however, they do not even imagine the power of their actions and the consequences to which they may lead. Perhaps, reading the novel, some readers will not simply judge Michael and Hanna for their hasty and disastrous actions and decisions, but will also find themselves in these characters. Probably, many of the readers made if not such but at least alike mistakes choosing a wrong path of their lives. Realizing it, one can understand that the key message that the author intended to communicate to his readers through the theme of guilt was that people should be more attentive to what they do since each step and each word has its outcome that may bring a lot of pain to someone. Undoubtedly, all people make mis takes, and it is a norm of life since no one is perfect. However, everyone should bear responsibility for what he or she does. Taking into consideration the above conducted analysis, one can see how maturely the German judge and law professor depicted all the tragedy of the Holocaust through the theme of guilt and the plot line that revealed the intimate relationship between Michael and Hanna. Schlink showed everything he could in his novel, including the Holocaust itself, the mistakes people made at the time due to various reasons, personal tragedies that led to mistakes or became the outcomes of them, and the great tragedy for the entire nation that is known as the Holocaust. Mistakes are a good teacher since making them people see what they do wrong and have a chance to avoid the same mistakes in the future. However, it is a big question whether a mistake can be considered useful when it results in a great number of deaths. Purchase the Best Papers at! Buy literary analysis essay online from is you are a university or college student! We provide unique projects that will make you satisfied or refine the projects you have started for submission. With us, you will get rid of all the stresses of academic assignments!

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