The Many Forms Of Human Trafficking - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 506 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Human Trafficking Essay Did you like this example? All over the globe human trafficking has been in existence for thousands of years, it is the act of an illegal practices that transports men, women, and children from one country or area to another. (Rutgers University Campus Coalition Against Trafficking) Human trafficking is not only an issue in the United States, but also all over the globe. It is an issue that holds a variety of forms that misuse humans, for example, according to EndSlaveryNow.org the many forms of labor include: domestic servitude, sex trafficking, forced labor, bonded labor, child labor, and forced marriages. Human trafficking has spread all over the nation whether we realize it or not, the internet is one of the main causes for the growth of human trafficking. The use of technology and internet helps the human traffickers target their victim to soon sell them online whether it be for sex trafficking or any other form of exploitation. One in five (five million children) receive an online solicitatio n or are approached for sex. (HeatWatch.Org) The excessive amount of victims in the United States happen to be girls and women of color who have been in contact with the child welfare system, according to Human Trafficking in the U.S.: Misconceptions vs. Reality, in the United States many of the sex trafficking victims have either ran away from their home, foster home, are homeless, and/or have aged out of the foster care system and are financially unstable for a home. Women are more often victimized in human trafficking rather than men, when it comes to sex labors and forced marriages. Men and boys, however, are trafficked into work labour, including the mining sectors, as porters, sectors and slaves. (Sustainable Development Goals) The United States Government has taken some action by funding Anti-Trafficking Programs, in hope that it could help raise awareness not only in the United States but also to other foreign governments so they too can take action when it comes to human trafficking. According to, U.S Government Entities Combating Human Trafficking, the government brings together federal departments and agencies to address the different views of human trafficking. The government has funded many programs to protect the victims of human trafficking, but that is needless to say that not always have those programs helped the survivors stay protected. There are many ways the people can help raise awareness of human trafficking to avoid the rate of victims to rise in the United States, and other countries. Many recommended resolutions according to the U.S Department of State includes learning the indicators of human traffickers, students organizing and coming together to raise awareness in their school and in their community, in a healthcare field learn how to indicate whether a person has been abused from traffickers and assist them, in businesses allow a job for survivors, and report any suspicions you have. If the people of the United States come together as one to fight human trafficking the rate of victims will lower and awareness will be risin. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Many Forms Of Human Trafficking" essay for you Create order

German Holidays and Customs Calendar

Movie Review Puppy Love - 1461 Words

In 2013, at the illustrious San Sebastian International Film Festival, the Belgian film director Delphine Lehericey debuted her latest French language film â€Å"Puppy Love†. It is a coming-of-age drama that tells the story of 14-year-old Diane, an enigmatic teenager and a loner. She is busy bringing up her little brother, Marc, and has an intense and inappropriate relationship with her father, Christian. She wants to break the bounds of childhood at all costs and when a young, free, wild, enigmatic English girl named Julia suddenly appears in her neighborhood her life intensifies with her sexual awakening and frustrating attraction to her father and Julia which leads to Diane’s troubling behavior. The more that Diane gets closer to Julia, the more she loses her sense of morality, giving no attention to the consequences or the limits to her desires. This film is chalk full of Freudian themes that this film could have been titled â€Å"Dora- the Movie†. At the turn of the 20th century, Freud published his now infamous case study of Dora, a young woman he temporarily treated for hysteria. His findings and explanations for the woman’s affliction are particular and in my opinion, peculiar. He concludes that the reason that Dora has such hysteria and afflictions is ultimately caused by her psychological trauma stemming from her sexual repression. Even though Freud published this case over a hundred years before the release of â€Å"Puppy Love†, the troupe of sexual repression as the root ofShow MoreRelatedThe Blind Side1521 Words   |  7 Pagesholding the hand of an oversized football player leading him onto the field, the movie â€Å"The Blind Side† made skeptics of moviegoers. Challenged by most energy-packed movies that hit the screens in 2009, the movie at hind sight did not do much visual stimulation. However, being a movie that faithfully represents the real life experience of famed football star Michael Ohe r, it did not fail to raise a lot of eyebrows from both movie fans and critics. The fact that it is a success story of an African AmericanRead MoreThe Hunger Games : Movie Review Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hunger Games 2012 movie Review The 2012 American science fiction film directed by Gary Ross is noted to be one of the most exciting motion pictures of its time. It became the first of a series of other films under the same name based on the fictional novels by Suzanne Collins, similarly using the same title. The film story is seen to take place in community where ferocity and atrocious behaviors are the only means by which members know. The hunger games movie is a thrilling, moving, intensely-feltRead MorePretty Woman Has Raised Some Eyebrows On The Idea Of Feminism1094 Words   |  5 PagesDenise Barnhart Hanno Pretty Woman- Final  The movie Pretty Woman has raised some eyebrows on the idea of feminism and showing glamor to prostitution and I disagree about the glamorizing prostitution, the movie just gave prostitution a possible happy ending. â€Å"Sex is a designation based on biology, whereas the subject of gender is complex and broad in itself. The definition of masculine is task oriented. The definition of feminine is relationship oriented. So you could have a masculine woman orRead MoreThe Movie Air Bud 1427 Words   |  6 PagesBud continues to elicit mixed reactions amongst its audiences from across the globe with some sections of the audiences showering it with praises while others bear a different view. This study will seek to explore the various issues surrounding the movie including the various views as held by different audiences about the film, its characters and their relationships with each other and the viewer, some of its interesting episodes as well as its major contributors among others. These movies revolveRead MoreThe New World: Movie Review Essay2154 Words   |  9 PagesFarrell as John Smith, Qorianka Kilcher as Pocahontas, Christopher Plummer as Captain Newport, and Christian Bale as John Rolfe. Produced by Sarah Green, the film received strong positive reviews for its cinematography, score, and young 15 year old Qorianka Kilcher’s performance as Pocahontas. (Boehm 1-5) The movie opens up to three ships of settlers sailing up the James River in Southeastern Virginia, arriving at the soon to be settlement of Jamestown. While establishing the foundations of the firstRead MoreLiterary Analysis : The Outsiders 2595 Words   |  11 PagesOklahoma. She had grown up as a voluntary tom boy in love with horses. Susan could not write or even type to use her typewriter to write a letter. She had learned to write and taught herself to type in the sixth grade. Susan enjoyed reading but was not satisfied with the literature that was being written for young readers. So she began writing her own stories, focusing mainly on horses from a male child’s point of view. Along with her passionate love for horses, Hinton also had an undying passion forRead More Varying Interpretations of Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now2628 Words   |  11 PagesBoth movies depict an insanity: of man in Heart of Darkness and of war in Apocalypse Now. It is ironic that Heart of Darkness, the movie replica of the novel, is a boring, slow-paced flop of a production, while Apocalypse Now, a loosely based film, had great success and audience appeal. Heart of Darkness is a 1994 Turner Network Television (TNT) Pictures made for TV movie, directed by Nicolas Roeg. It is based so exactly on the Joseph Conrad novel that the differences between the two are almost indiscernibleRead MoreDisability Issues in Media: a Comparison4457 Words   |  18 Pages his demanding, rebellious behaviour results in punishment - he is sent for electro-shock therapy. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest takes place at the end of the 1950s, when institutionalization was the norm for people with disabilities. The movie was shot on location at the Damasch State Hospital in Salem, Oregon thereby providing a realistic, almost documentary-like, background for the film. (Stagoll, 121). Many of the patients at the institution were extras and the role of Dr. Spivey, theRead MoreKevin Hart : The Most Influential Comedians Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesHart, Netflix). He joked about his financial fears. He made comments about his card declining and his personal items being repossessed. He often calls himself a little b***h because of his many fears such as dogs. He bought his daughter a pit-bull puppy and he said he had no idea what pit bulls were capable of. â€Å"I left for three months, I came back to the house, and swear to god, that dog was the same size as me. I have never seen a dog grow this fast. Do you know how scary it is to live with a dogRead MoreWeb Security4260 Words   |  18 Pagesprevents the user from entering potentially dangerous Web sites that may cause adware, viruses, spyware, or spam.Web Security Guard informs of potentially dangerous websites by displaying information and user reviews before entering websites.It uses a database of web site ratings and reviews provided by the users. Crawler Toolbar comes with Web Security Guard keeping it up to date and providing combined search results from major Internet search engines. When a computer connects to a network and

Neanderthal Parallax, Hominids, by Robert J. Sawyer

The human race has achieved many impossible feats. We have landed on the moon, illuminated the world with the electric light, and cured illnesses that used kill thousands. In a world where we look to technology to answer all of life’s problems, we are faced with a dilemma. How can our technology possibly keep up with our modern needs? In the first book of the Neanderthal Parallax, Hominids, by Robert J. Sawyer, we are transported into a parallel universe. In this unpolluted world that is populated by Neanderthals, there is a sophisticated computing system, we know as a quantum computer. As of 2014, quantum computers are still in their infancy, and have been prophesied since the early 1990s. However, work on building a quantum computer, and creating algorithms compatible with one, began around the turn of the century. As one of only seven sci-fi writers in the world, and the only Canadian, who has won all three of the top international awards for science fiction, he is known fo r the amount of research and probable vision intertwined into the technology in his books. A quantum computer is a sophisticated computer device that can actually calculate the use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, to perform operations on data. Basically, it’s one of the few devices that can calculate the quantum theory. Quantum theory is also classified as quantum mechanics, which is a branch of physics that deals with physical phenomena inside of particles at nanoscopic scales (Wilczek). It

Aircraft Leasing and Financing-Issues and Challenges Free Essays

International carriage by air is one of the greatest marvels of this remarkable age of science and technology and India has emerged as one of the most promising and fastest growing aviation markets in the world. To keep pace with this growth, large orders for aircraft acquisition have been placed by almost all airlines in India.Thus, finding enough capital for their ambitious fleet expansion programme is one of the key concerns of all Indian Airlines. We will write a custom essay sample on Aircraft Leasing and Financing-Issues and Challenges or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before discussing on the phrase ‘Aircraft Leasing’, it is pertinent to note that an aircraft cannot be leased but can be bailed. Under Transfer of Property Act, 1882 a lease is defined under Section 107 but relates only to immoveable property but not to movable property. So the appropriate word to be used is ‘Bailment of an Aircraft’ defined under Section 148 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Generally in common parlance it is used as ‘Leasing of Aircraft’.Aircraft Leasing has become a common technique to acquire an aircraft, since this asset has become expensive and always subject to a variety of laws and regulations. One of its main advantages is that it assists to settle cost considerably. The players in Airline industry can be categorized in three groups like Public Players, Private Players and Startup Players. Owning an aircraft is an expensive affair. An Airliner’s decision to acquire an aircraft is invariably accompanied by the question of whether the aircraft is to be taken on lease or to be purchased.The answer largely depends on the airline’s requirements, cost of the aircraft, availability of capital, legal constraints and taxation issues. Prior to the 1980’s purchasing an aircraft was the primary choice for the airlines – but new aircrafts were becoming an unattractive proposition for airline operators to buy aircrafts. Therefore, it is a common practice in the airline business to take aircrafts on lease. Leasing not only helps in increasing the fleet size at a fairly quick rate but also, and more importantly, reduces the cost of airline operators.There are different types of leases depending on the terms and conditions of the agreement like (i) Finance Lease and Operating Lease, (ii) Leveraged Lease, (iii) Sale and Leaseback, (iv) Wet Lease and (v) Dry Lease. In order to tap the more conventional and cost effective sources of aircraft financing, it is essential that the Indian legal system be able to generate sufficient confidence in Bankers, Financiers and Aircraft Lessors as being protective of their ownership rights and being clear and transparent so that there are no ambiguities regarding applicable laws.The criteria for leasing of aircrafts by Indian Operators are mainly based upon the permission from the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). DGCA’s permission is mandatory before leasing an aircraft in India. An Indian operator can either take an aircraft on lease f rom a foreign operator or another Indian operator but for an acquisition of an aircraft permission is required from the Ministry of Civil Aviation and also from Reserve Bank of India (RBI).The most widely used method of aircraft acquisition in India is leasing, out of which operating lease is the most popular. The advantages of leasing to airlines are volume discounts for aircraft purchase can be passed on to airline, the conversion of an airline’s working capital and credit capacity, the provision of up to 100% of finance, with no deposits or pre-payments, the possibility of excluding lease finance from the balance sheet etc.The possible disadvantages could be a higher cost than, say, debt finance for purchase, the profit from eventual sale of the aircraft going to the lessor (as a title holder), aircraft specifications not tailor-made for lessee airline (short term leases) etc. The important issues involves requirement at lease commencement and termination (i. e. lessee payment obligations and security, subleasing, repossession, governing law and jurisdiction, delivery conditions, date of elivery, acceptance and inspection of flights, registration formalities, and return conditions), Lessee Payment Obligations and Security (i. e. Lease rent, security deposit, maintenance reserves ), Repossession and Tax issues etc. In conclusion, if the Indian Airline Operators enter into agreements on Leasing of Aircraft from a foreign company then the issues at international front will multiply like that of conflict of laws, international instrument to bring uniformity in asset-based financing etc. How to cite Aircraft Leasing and Financing-Issues and Challenges, Papers

Using General Techniques NIST Atomic Time -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Using General Techniques NIST Atomic Time? Answer: Introducation The study of week 8 would help in understanding the concept of Networking in Android. The study of using the HTTP web services, Downloading Binary Data, Accessing Web Services using GET, Consuming Jason Services, and Sockets Programming would be helpful for analysis of the network advancements. The HTTPs are stateless and it results in maintaining the server connection for its clients so that the messages can be passed through it. This has been termed as Socket Programming. JASON is the abbreviation of Java Script Object Notation and it is a data exchange format for defining the structures of data. Resources https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/AndroidNetworking/article.html https://in.udacity.com/course/android-basics-networking--ud843 https://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/pdf/android/Android-Networking-1.pdf https://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/cs282/PDFs/NetworkProgramming.pdf https://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/pdf/android/Android-Networking-2.pdf Resources Description The resource is a tutorial article that makes the readers aware of the basics of Android Networking. The tutorial article had been made by Lars Vogel and its has shown the advent of the Android Networking by providing the jest of Overview of network access on Android, Web Sockets, About this website, and Links and Literature. The resource is Google developed course summary that provides the insights of NANODEGREE program for forming the realization of Intro to Programming Nanodegree for the development of Android Apps. The resource is a PowerPoint presentation for developing the analysis of the Network Programming part I using general techniques like NIST atomic time, FTP welcome message, Http URL Connection, Http Client, and Using JSON. The resource is a PowerPoint PowerPoint presentation for developing the analysis of the Network Programming for Android Platform along with usage of Principles of Operating Systems II and Systems Programming for Android. The resource is a PowerPoint presentation for developing the analysis of the Network Programming part II using general techniques like NIST atomic time, FTP welcome message, Http URL Connection, Http Client, and Using JSON References Courses.coreservlets.com 2017, Network Programming: Part I (General Techniques), Marty Hall, [online] Available at: https://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/pdf/android/Android-Networking-1.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Courses.coreservlets.com 2017, Network Programming: Part II (General Techniques), Marty Hall, [online] Available at: https://courses.coreservlets.com/Course-Materials/pdf/android/Android-Networking-2.pdf [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Dre.vanderbilt.edu 2017, Programming the android platform, Network Programming CS282, Available at: https://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~schmidt/cs282/PDFs/NetworkProgramming.pdf[Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. In.udacity.com 2017,Android Basics: Networking, Udacity, [online] Available at: https://in.udacity.com/course/android-basics-networking--ud843 [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017]. Vogel, L. 2016,Android Networking Tutorial, Vogella GmbH, version-2.5, [online] Vogella.com. Available at: https://www.vogella.com/tutorials/AndroidNetworking/article.html [Accessed 5 Oct. 2017].

Market Economy Government Regulation and Intervention

Question: Discuss about the Market Economy for Government Regulation and Intervention. Answer: A: Adam Smith is concerned about the market economy. According to him, invisible hand works in the course of market economy and for the efficient functioning of the market there would be no need for the government regulation and intervention. However if we want to look at the market economy, we need to understand the inherent market structure and market structure differs depending on the goods and services the market is trading. There are four types of market structure perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. These four market structures have different characteristics and on the basis of these features we can differentiate among different types of market. In the real world scenario, perfect competition and monopoly are the two extremes and we rarely can see such market structures. However monopolistic competitive and oligopolistic market structures are common in the economy. Perfect Competition: We will start with the perfectly competitive market. Perfectly competitive market has certain features like there are larger number of buyers and sellers in this market. Buyers and sellers have complete information regarding commodity and prices. The large number of buyers and sellers signify that single buyer or seller is very insignificant in the market and each seller has very small amount of market share. This aspect of market structure denotes that a single seller does not have any influence on market price and he cannot change the market price to attain higher market share or to earn higher profit. Another aspect behind the given market price is that each seller produces standardised product and for reason it is impossible for each seller to influence the market price. Each seller has to accept the market price that is determined by the interaction of market supply and market demand. Hence each seller and buyer is price taker.Hence H Another feature of perfectly competitive mar ket is that there is no barrier to entry or exit into the market that means there is free entry and exit facility for each firm into the market. Example of perfectly competitive market: One of the most important example of perfectly competitive market is wheat and corn market. In this market the farmers cannot differentiate in terms of product quality and for this reason final product is standardised. There are large number of farmers and buyers in the agricultural market and for this reason one single farmer or consumer is unable to affect the price of product. Hence each farmer is price taker and he has to sell its product at the market price. The farmers have the option of free exit and entry from the corn or wheat market depending on the profit or loss. If in the short run they incur profit, in the long run there will be entry of other firms while in case of short run losses, there will be exit of farmers in the long run. As the farmers are price taker, they have to sell their product at market determined price and for this reason corn or wheat market has horizontal or perfectly elastic demand curve. As there is large number of option for corn or wheat, the cons umers have good number of substitutes (as each farmer sell same corn or wheat) and for this reason the demand curve of each firm is perfectly elastic. Monopoly: Monopoly is a market structure where we can see the emergence of single seller in the industry. Hence in case of monopoly market supply and the supply of firm is same as the industry consists of the single firm. Monopoly firm is given the government protection. The government considers that it would be cost efficient for on single firm to serve the entire market and the government also considers that the large monopoly firm will be able to secure economies of scale (larger production will reduce average cost of production) eventually and they will also undertake research and development activities. Considering all these aspects the government provides monopoly status to a firm so that efficiency of the market can be attained and consumers can be benefited from lower prices and good quality product or service. For this reason government gives tax exemption and regulate the monopoly market so that no competitor can enter into the market. Hence in case of monopoly market structure there is strict barriers to entry and without any competition the monopoly firm can serve the market to earn higher level of profit. However most of the time it can be seen that the monopoly firm is not fulfilling its commitment to the society and produce lower output and charge higher prices to satisfy its profit maximization criteria. Hence the monopoly firm faces downward sloping demand curve. Example of monopoly firm: One good example of monopoly firm is US postal services. According to 19th century law it is illegal for any other company of firm to deliver letters and the sole authority of delivering letters had been given to US postal services. However it can be seen that US postal service deliver letters at a minimum price of $3 and it can be said that if private companies and competitors will be present in the market, the consumers can deliver letters at much lower cost. US postal services have been exempted from state and federal taxes and there are a numbers of government regulations so that US postal service can be competitors free. However in 2002 it can be seen that fiscal deficit of the postal service is of $4.5 billion and that lead the government to consider imposing some regulations on postal department to improve its efficiency ("US Postal Service: A Government Protected Monopoly | Capitalism Magazine", 2016). Monopolistic competition: The other market structure is monopolistically competitive market. In this market structure we can see that there are large numbers of small sized firms. One of the important aspect of this market structure is that each firm tries to bring certain differentiation in its product so that on the basis of this product differentiation it can charge some different price and can improve its market share and profit in the industry. The product differentiation and ability to influence the market price lead to downward sloping demand curve for these firms. The firm adopts advertisement campaign to increase their market share and profit. This industry has low barriers to entry and exit into the industry and depending upon profit and loss entry and exit can happen in the long run. Example of monopolistically competitive firm: Starbucks and McDonald are under monopolistically competitive industry. In fact the fast food industry belongs to this monopolistically competitive market structure. There are larger number of firms in this fast food industry like star buck, McDonald, KFC, Pizza Hut, Burger King and others. They acquire small market share and produces and sells similar product. However these firms have adopted different strategies to bring product differentiation so that with it, they can attract larger customer base. Like McDonald have recently adopted special breakfast menus to bring some fresh look into its menu. This strategy has been advertised largely so that its market share can improve. In this fast food industry we can see firms can enter and exit into the market easily and there is no such strict barriers for entry and exit ("Starbucks or McDonald's? - Econlife", 2010). Oligopoly: Another market structure is oligopolistic market. In this market structure we can see that there are few firms in the industry and they acquire larger market share. As there is few large firms and each firm incur high cost of production to remain in the industry, barrier to entry in the industry is high and new firm has to face significant barrier to entry into the industry. The product that the market serves in standardised and unique in nature. The most crucial aspect that we can observe in this industry is that interdependence among existing firms. As there are few large firms, one firms pricing or quantity strategy affect other firms. We can say that if one firm reduces its price, other firms also reduces their price; however rise in price will not be matched by other firms as in this case price rise will result to lower amount of profit. However in this oligopolistic industry, existing firms can enjoy monopoly profit if they decide to collude that means if they collectively deci de how much output to produce and what price to charge for their product. Example of oligopolistic market: US airline industry is an example of oligopolistic market. Boeing and Airbus are two popular airline firms in the US airline industry. These two firms face stiff competition for decades as they supply fixed output in terms of number of airservices and infrequent aircraft orders. This competition also depends upon their strategic behaviour on deciding price and quantity and quality of service. They secure large market share and earn higher profit. Huge initial and ongoing investment by these two firms lead new entrants to deter their entry into the industry (Cook, 2008). b: Externality arises when the action of somebody has some effects on the welfare of third person (who is not associated with the action). Negative externality arises when the action of one party imposes cost on the welfare of other party. During the phase of negative externality we can see that social cost is greater than private cost and without any government intervention the party who creates negative externality does not compensate the society for the social cost. Hence in the presence of negative externality we can see that the externality is not internalised and market output is greater than socially efficient level of output. In the above figure we can see example of negative externality. In the economy market equilibrium level of output gets equal to social efficient level of output when the when there is no externality and marginal social benefit equal to marginal social cost. However when negative externality arises into the economy, marginal social cost is higher than marginal private cost as there is external cost and in this case if there will be no government regulation the market output will be Q and negative externality generating firm charges P price. This is the market output whereas the socially optimum output should be Q1 (where marginal social cost equal to marginal social benefit) and the firm should charge higher prices at P1. In the above example we can see without any government regulation in the presence of negative externality the economy produces higher output and charge lower price which is not socially optimum combination. Hence government regulation is required. The government can regulates with the help of two measures imposing tax on negative externality generating firm and creating tradable permits. Imposition of tax: First method is imposition of tax on pollution (as pollution is considered as negative externality). When the government imposes tax on pollution generating firm, the supply curve shifts leftward (in the above diagram it can be represented as leftward shift of marginal private cost curve to marginal social cost curve) and for this reason the pollution generating firm will produce Q1 output and charge P1 price ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Advantages of imposition of tax on pollution generating firm: In this manner social efficiency is reached as the firm continues to produce where marginal social cost equalises to marginal social benefit ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). In this manner the government can earn tax revenue and that can be utilised in productive sectors like health and education ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Disadvantages of imposition of tax on pollution generating firm: It is very difficult to measure the amount of pollution and tax accordingly ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Tax can create inequality. If the demand for the good is inelastic, imposition of tax will not reduce its demand and will not reduce pollution as well ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Tradable pollution permit: In this kind of pollution control strategy the government determine certain level of pollution unit that the entire industry can generate and on the basis of it, the market players can trade (buy and sell0 those pollution permits. This is considered as the most efficient way of reducing pollution in certain industry ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Advantages of tradable permits: In this way the firms which require low cost to reduce pollution can sell their pollution permit to those firms which require high cost to reduce their pollution level. In this manner, total pollution unit in the industry will remain in its pre determined form and the society can reduce pollution at cost efficient manner. In this manner the firms that have the prospect for development do not need to compromise on the ground of reducing pollution units ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). The government can auction the pollution permit and can generate revenue out of it ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Disadvantages of tradable permits: The major disadvantage of tradable pollution permit is that firms that emit coal, gas and carbon-di-oxide in higher percentage will continue to emit that amount and that will degrade environmental quality ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). There is a higher chance that the firms engage in this kind of trading involve in cheating and that can hamper overall, efficiency of the market economy ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Real example of negative externality and reduction: Many economies now engage in pollution reduction strategies as pollution or more specifically emission of green house gases degrade the quality of our environment. Hence many economies and countries like Singapore is engaging itself to reduce carbon emission and they have been initiating Kyoto protocol. This has been one of the popular means of reducing pollution and with the help of it, the countries can trade their pollution permit. Auction of this permit happen and amount of permit is decided on the basis of historical record of demand and number of available auctions. The countries bid their prices for the permit and according to it final trade (buy and sell) of pollution permits are finalised (NorregaardRepalin Hill, 2000). C: The US economy has witnessed the growing level of negative externality that has been generated by the tobacco companies and these tobacco companies are imposing higher health hazards to the entire economy. These tobacco companies are marketing, lobbying tobacco practices and for this reason larger proportion of population become smokers. This smoking habit is considered as one of the most deadly habits and this actually degrade overall health of the economy. As these tobacco companies increases their advertisement, marketing and sale of tobacco products, number of smokers in the economy is going to increase and this imposes serious threat to the entire market economy (Biglan, 2016). Generally young people and students are more prone to such habits and for this reason entire economy will be going to suffer. As healthy individuals are considered as the important human capital of the economy, increase in smoking habits degrade human capital and further the growth prospect of the economy, Smoking is going to create negative externality as smoking do not adversely impact the welfare of the direct smokers but also degrade the health condition of passive smokers and finally the entire economy. Hence human capital of the economy gets adversely affected. In the above figure we can see that how smoking generates negative externality in an economy and how it adversely impact the well being of the entire society. When people smokes negative externality generates, but without government intervention the tobacco producing companies do not need to pay taxes or any compensation. For this reason they continue to produce Q output and charges P price. However if negative externality is internalised and government regulates the market properly, socially optimum level of output is generated. Socially optimum or efficient level of output is generated when marginal social benefit curve equals to marginal social cost curve and the firm produces Q1 level of output and charges P1 market price. With the absence of any government regulation negative externality creates deadweighted loss which occurs due to the difference between market output and socially optimum level of output. In the above figure dead weighted loss is denoted by the shaded region (t raiangle) (Biglan, 2016). In the year of 1950, significant action against the use of tobacco has been raised in the US economy when empirical researchers found that smoking causes large amount of health hazards including cancers. Due to this empirical findings large proportion of people and organizations had started their campaign and awareness programs against the use of cigarettes. They showed that from the beginning of adolescence large proportion of young people starts smoking and that actually disrupts the growth prospect of an economy. The tobacco control program by different organizations has been specifically meant to increased number of awareness programs (Biglan, 2016). Large number of evaluating strategies for reducing smoking had been emerged these days. These include media campaign, school based preventive measures, ban on advertisement on tobacco products, claim for clean indoor environment and tax on cigarettes. All these are expected to reduce the demand for and that will finally result to lesser occurrence of smoking incidence (Biglan, 2016). During that period advocacy programs were found out to be very effective. They initiated large number of media campaigns and they demanded clean indoor air. That time a number of organizations like American Cancer Society, American Lung Association and American Heart Association formed a number of campaigns and there increased the society for American for non-smokers right and Tobacco free kid. They media campaign attacked the lobbying and marketing procedure of tobacco companies and that finally reduced demanded for tobacco (Biglan, 2016). During that period a large number of surveillance incidents happened and that monitored the smoking habits of adults and adolescents. References US Postal Service: A Government Protected Monopoly | Capitalism Magazine. (2016). Capitalismmagazine.com. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://capitalismmagazine.com/2003/09/us-postal-service-a-government-protected-monopoly/ Cook, A. (2008). B OEING V ERSUS A IRBUS : AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. Miami University. Starbucks or McDonald's? - Econlife. (2010). Econlife. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://econlife.com/2010/06/starbucks-or-mcdonalds/ (2016). Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.colorado.edu/economics/morey/2010/2010BookChapters/KW_Chapter9/KWCh_09_Perfect_Competition_Edward.pdf Pollution Permits | Economics Help. (2016). Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.economicshelp.org/micro-economic-essays/marketfailure/pollution-permits/ The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey. (2016). Steverichey.com. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.steverichey.com/writing-samples/climate-change/the-pros-and-cons-of-cap-and-trade/ Norregaard, J. Repalin Hill, V. (2000). Taxes and Tradable Permits as instrument for controlling pollution: Theory and Practice. International Monetray Fund. Biglan, A. (2016). Corporate Externalities: A Challenge to the Further Success of Prevention Science.